history and dates

1991.- Massacre of Raboteau ( Raboto ), a shantytown in Gonaives: 
We are two days away from the coup d'état on September 30. Soldiers of the Armed Forces
from Haiti invaded certain poor neighborhoods of the city of independence in the
purpose is to put an end to the demonstrations hostile to the perpetrators of the coup d'état.
massacre followed and that day was recorded:
Seven deaths, all of whom were mortally wounded by the bullets of
soldiers;
Seven also wounded by gunfire;
And more than 80 people victims of severe beatings.
Assassins spread terror during a second massacre, on 22 April 1994.

1879. Dispersion of the provisional government:
Returning from exile, Louis Félicité Salomon, assisted by the military authorities of Portau-Prince, ordered the dispersion of the provisional government formed after the departure
of Boisrond Canal. Following this action, he will be chosen by the National Assembly
to lead the destinies of Haiti.
≡
See: 23 October 1879

1820. Defection of the military garrison of Saint Marc:
Henri Christophe, whose health is failing following his apoplexy attack in
the church of Limonade on August 15, 1820, nevertheless continued to arouse fear.
The mutinists, who feared an attack from the soldiers of the North, did
so call on Jean-Pierre Boyer, successor of Alexandre Pétion and president of the
Western Republic. To come to their aid, the latter put himself at the head of a
army of 20,000 men who marched on the Cape. Even before their arrival
in the northern metropolis, Christophe killed himself.

1937. Beginning of the massacre of Haitians in the Dominican Republic:
Under the orders of dictator Trujillo, the Dominican army and police launched,
at the national level, in a massacre aimed at eradicating Haitian nationals
from Dominican territory. About 30,000 Haitians, most of them workers
seasonal, thus lost their lives.

2014. Death of Jean-Claude Duvalier:
Heir of his father, François Duvalier, Jean-Claude Duvalier then aged 19
assumed the reins of executive power as President for life of Haiti upon the death of
this one in April 1971. However, he was forced to relinquish power at the first
of February 7, 1986, his government being unable to manage the cascading protests
and abandoned above all by friendly powers. He took refuge in France where he lived
until January 16, 2011, the date of his return to Haiti. Upon his death, he was 63 years old
years

1802. Charles Bélair and his wife Suzanne are shot:
After being sentenced by a French court-martial for taking up arms
against the French expedition soldiers, Charles Belair and his wife Suzanne,
better known as Sanite, were shot in Cape Town by a detachment
military.
Charles Bélair was the nephew of Toussaint Louverture, who made him his aide de
Camp and his lieutenant. He had done, like Dessalines and many others, his
submission to Leclerc, but rebelled at the news of the restoration of slavery
authorized in June by Bonaparte.

1975. Death of Bishop Albert-Marie Guiot, smm:
Born on September 7, 1896 in Pontchâteau in France, Mgr. Guiot, priest of the
Compagnie de Marie, better known in Haiti as "Montfortains", was the
second titular bishop of the diocese of Port-de-Paix. Archbishop Paul-Maire Le Bihain,
of the same religious congregation, having been the first titular. Three years later
his death, his coadjutor, Mons. Rémy Augustin, the first Haitian bishop, he
succeeded.

1915. The Convention proposed by the Americans was approved by the House:
This Convention made Haiti a protectorate of the United States. It abolished the army and
placed state expenditures and revenues under the control of the occupation forces
Haitian.

1943. Visit of President Elie Lescot to Ottawa:
Coming from the United States, he was welcomed at the station of the Canadian capital by the
Deputy Governor General, the Honourable Lyman Duff, accompanied by many
Officials. The president and his suite stayed at the Chateau Laurier. For four days
he toured the city accompanied by Prime Minister Mackensie King and participated
at many official meetings. He addressed the people of Canada on 7 October.
During this stay, he visited three provinces.
≡
i Source: Auguste, Marcel B. The Republic of Haiti and the Second World War.
Sainte Foy (Que): M. B. Auguste, 1998; pp. 270-274.

1991. Joseph Nérette appointed provisional president of Haiti:
Judge at the Supreme Court, Maître Nérette was appointed by the Haitian parliament under the
threat from the soldiers who had just orchestrated a coup against the president
Jean-Bertrand Aristide (September 30, 1991). Installed the next day, he made Jean
Jacques Honorat his prime minister a few days later.

2009. Publications in the Amendment Declaration Monitor of the
Constitution of 1987:
Submitted by the Executive and voted on September 14 by a majority of both branches
from Parliament, this declaration aims to initiate the revision process of the
Charter of 1987.

1979. Death of Gérard E. Lescot.
Eldest son of President Elie Lescot, he took an active part in the government of his
father (1941-1946) as private secretary to the president (1941), under-secretary
the presidency (1942) and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1943-1946). To the latter
title, he participated in the San Francisco conference and signed, on behalf of Haiti, the charter
which became the birth certificate of the United Nations (June 26, 1945). At the fall of his
father, he retired to Montreal.
≡
See: Notables: Gérard E. Lescot

1991.- Installation of Judge Joseph Nérette as provisional president:
Appointed the day before by parliamentarians close to the putschists of September 30.

1804. Coronation of Dessalines as Emperor of Haiti:
He took the name of James I. "Merchants from Philadelphia brought him the
crown aboard the American vessel "Connecticut". The dress for the ceremony has
was brought from Jamaica on an English frigate. The new emperor made his
triumphal entry into a carriage harnessed with six horses, gift from the agent
English Dyden. Saluted with artillery fire from all the city’s batteries
(Marchand), Jacques I is acclaimed by the army and all his people. At the church, where
the procession arrives after the ceremony at the altar of the homeland, Father Corneille Brelle
celebrates the Mass followed by Te Deum. The evening ends with great rejoicing
popular."
≡
i Source: Laura-Ropa, Denis. Haiti: a French colony 1625-1802.Paris:
Harmattan, 1993.
≡
See: 2 September 1804
1806. Insurrection in the South:
Having left Port-Salut, the insurgents will march on Port-au-Prince. Dessalines, for
to quell this insurrection will take the lead in a punitive expedition to the South.
will not reach the heart of Port-au-Prince and will fall under the assassinated bullets on
October 17.

1820. Suicide of Henri Christophe:
Facing an insurgent movement led or sponsored by some of
his generals, Christophe, who led the northern part of the country, resolved to commit suicide,
on the night of October 8, 1820, by shooting a bullet in his heart.

1950. Election of Paul Eugène Magloire to the presidency:
The only candidate of importance, Magloire easily triumphed over his opponent, a
architect of religious obedience named Fénélon Alphonse, thus becoming the
the first Haitian president elected by universal suffrage.

1991. Embargo imposed on Haiti:
Embargo imposed by the OAS at the request of exiled president Jean-Bertrand
Aristide and with the aim of exerting pressure on the military authors and
beneficiaries of the coup d'état of September 30, 1991. That same day, Joseph Nérette,
named the 6th by what was left of the parliament, became president

1816. Alexandre Pétion is appointed by the Senate as president for life:
The constitution of 1816 published in Grand-Goâve on June 23, 1816, made the chief of the
executive power the life president of Haiti. According to the Senators, the president in
exercise had "during its administration justified the high opinion that had been
designed in his favor ... and rightly deserved the national trust.” 

1889.- Accession to the presidency of Louis Mondestin Florvil Hyppolite:
This accession coincides with the publication of the 1889 Constitution by the
Constituent. The sole article of its transitional provisions made citizen Louis
Mondestin Florvil Hyppolite the president of Haiti for a period of seven years.

1806. Arrest of the hero of independence, Capois-La-Mort à Limonade:
Fell into an ambush set by those who were plotting the loss of
the Emperor James I and carried out their plan a week later,
François Capois, known as Capois-La-Mort, was arrested and thrown into a city prison. He
was murdered in his cell nine days later, two days after the murder
by Jean-Jacques Dessalines.

1816. Alexandre Pétion re-elected the day before took oath on the Constitution of 1816:
Appointed the day before by the Senate of the Republic, Alexandre Pétion who governed the
departments of the West and South of the country, took an oath to maintain and do
respect the 1816 constitution published a few months earlier. He became
thus the first life-long president in the history of Haiti.
≡
i Source: Janvier, Louis Joseph, 1855-1911. The constitutions of Haiti (1801-1885).
Paris: C. Marpon and E. Flammarion; pp. 143. 

1867. Dispersal of the National Assembly by supporters of President Salnave:
This dispersion, which occurred at the cries of Vive Salnave, was later confirmed by a
decree. The deputies had just been elected under a new
constitution.

1902. Anténor Firmin’s decision to end the civil war:
In a letter to Powell, the American Minister in Haiti, Firmin says he is ready to put
to the civil war that has ravaged Haiti since July 22 and this, at the cost of its
application.
≡
See:  Anténor Firmin

1994.- Departure of General Raoul Cédras:
In a ceremony before the main Army Headquarters, and under the
vigilance of the American troops landed four weeks earlier, he had
passed the army commands to Major General Jean-Claude Duperval. One of the
The main beneficiaries of the coup d'état of September 30, 1991 are General Raoul
Cédras was forced to leave Haiti three days later. He and his family apparently
would live in Panama.

1917. Attack on the house of the American chief of the Hinche gendarmerie:
Condé, the traitor, and Hanneken
The American authorities used this attack as a pretext to stop
Charlemagne Péralte and his half-brother, General Saül Péralte. Before driving to
pied, the Péralte brothers in Ouanaminthe where they were to be tried by the Court
Prévôtale, the Americans set fire to the house of Charlemagne and looted that one
de Saûl." (Dupuy, Charles. "Who killed Charlemagne Péralte" Haiti-Observateur. 4-
August 11, 1999, pp. 5.) Saul was sentenced to capital punishment and Charlemange to
forced labor. The latter, escaped a year later, organized the resistance. He was betrayed
by one of his sergeants, Jean-Baptiste Conzé, and murdered on November 1, 1919
by Hermann Hanneken, an American soldier.

1994.- Resignation of Emile Jonassaint.
Provisional President of Haiti on May 11, 1994 and an ally of the military during the period
of the coup, Emile Jonassaint was the president of the Constituent Assembly of
1987, which produced the 1987 Constitution and a member of the Court of Cassation.
≡
See: Haitian notables: Emile Jonassain

1802.- Alexandre Pétion and Clerveaux joined the rebels:
Pétion was one of the mulattos who had integrated the members of the expedition
punitive. Leclerc had assigned him command of the Upper Cape. Augustin
Clerveaux had rallied to Toussaint. Commander of the 6th half-brigade during
of the arrival of the expedition had immediately recognized Leclerc’s authority. The
defection of these two men sent a message to the other chiefs, including
Dessalines and Christophe, who soon followed them, by rallying to the rebels.

1790.- Vincent Ogé lands in Saint Domingue:
Returning from London, and after a stopover in Charlestown (North Carolina),
landed in Saint-Domingue. His first gesture was to send a petition to the
governor of the colony asking him to apply and enforce the decree
of March 28, 1790, from the National Assembly, which granted the right to
voting for free men aged 25. He was met with a refusal.

1802. Alexandre Pétion joins the rebels.
As a member of the 1982 French expedition, he was found at the time of his
defection at the command of a regiment loyal to the French stationed at the
Periphery of Cape. He joined the rebels of the Northern Plain under the
Macaya’s command.

1987. Assassination of Yves Volel, leader of the DRC:
Leader of the Rally of Democrats and candidate for the presidency at
general elections to be held on November 29, Yves Volel was assassinated before
the Grand General of the Port-au-Prince Police. Former member of the Armed Forces
from Haiti and a lawyer by profession, he was going to ask, as a lawyer, for the release of
Jean Raymond Louis. This assassination was one of the strategies used by the CNG
to inspire fear among Haitians as the elections approach and to intimidate them
candidates.

1867. Dissolution of the chamber by the government of Sylvain Salnave.
To the cries of "Vive Salnave! Down with the House!" the representatives of the people were
driven from their seats by a mob in Salnave’s pay. Two days earlier,
the sacred precinct of Parliament had been violated by Victorin Chevallier, then
Inspector General of the Republic National Guards, who had threatened the
elected officials of the people in these words: "You have come to attack the Revolution, I
present to defend it, I will defend it.'

1930. Legislative elections, the only one during the period of American occupation:
During the election campaign, there was a resurgence of old quarrels
between blacks and mulattos. The nationalists prevailed, but a month later,
after 4 ballots, they set their sights on a mulatto, Sténio Vincent.
≡
See: 18 November 1930

1993. Assassination of Guy Malary:
Minister of Justice in the Aristide-Malval government, he was riddled with bullets
as he went to his office.

2011. The Senate of the Republic votes on the general policy statement of the
Premier Gary Conille:
After a long debate started the day before, the Haitian senators approved by
a simple majority the general policy statement of the new Prime Minister
Minister Garry Conille by 16 votes to 4, with 5 abstentions. the first
ratified minister had previously submitted to the members of the main body the names of
personalities who should be part of his cabinet.
Garry Conille had been ratified by the Chamber of Deputies on the 16th, respectively
September 2011 and by the Senate on 4 October 2011.

1802.- Pétion took up arms against the French:
Deserting the expeditionary army that he had nevertheless accompanied, Pétion afterwards
having encouraged a few black or mulatto chiefs to go bush, attacked
with the 10th and 13th colonial regiments. He could have surprised the city of Cape Town where he
then found Leclerc, if he had a greater one in his men. In the field,
Leclerc had the natives in the town arrested and shot.
≡
i Source: Rouzier, Semexant. Universal geographical and administrative dictionary
from Haiti. Volume 3. Port-au-Prince: Aug A. Heraux, 1927; p.

1876.- Birth of Jean-Price Mars:
Born in Grande-Rivière du Nord (Department of the North). Dr. Jean-Price Mars who
published Ainsi parlait l'oncle (1928), went down in history as a legislator (former
MP for Grande-Rivière du Nord and Senator from the North), a career diplomat
(former secretary of the Haitian legation in Washington, minister plenipotentiary at
Paris, ambassador in Santo Domingo and representative of Haiti at the United Nations), a
politician (an unfortunate candidate in the 1930 elections who saw Sténio’s triumph)
Vincent. On his death in March 1969, the government of François Duvalier granted him
a national funeral.

1902.- Departure from Anténor Firmin on the French ship Adirondack for the Île de Saint
Thomas:
This departure put an end to two months of intense fighting between his grouped partisans
for the most part in Gonaives and those of Nord Alexis, then a member of the
provisional government chaired by Sylvain Salnave.
After this departure, Nord Alexis at the head of his troops headed towards Port-au-Prince,
stormed the national palace and proclaimed himself the head of power in the name of the people
executive by proclamation dated December 18. The National Assembly
ratified this gesture by a vote that took place three days later.
Firmin tried to return to Haiti in two parts. In two parts, he was turned away.

1994.- Triumphal return of Jean Bertrand Aristide.
Victim of a

 1802.- Pétion took up arms against the French:
Deserting the expeditionary army that he had nevertheless accompanied, Pétion afterwards
having encouraged a few black or mulatto chiefs to go bush, attacked
with the 10th and 13th colonial regiments. He could have surprised the city of Cape Town where he
then found Leclerc, if he had a greater one in his men. In the field,
Leclerc had the natives in the town arrested and shot.
≡
i Source: Rouzier, Semexant. Universal geographical and administrative dictionary
from Haiti. Volume 3. Port-au-Prince: Aug A. Heraux, 1927; p.

1876.- Birth of Jean-Price Mars:
Born in Grande-Rivière du Nord (Department of the North). Dr. Jean-Price Mars who
published Ainsi parlait l'oncle (1928), went down in history as a legislator (former
MP for Grande-Rivière du Nord and Senator from the North), a career diplomat
(former secretary of the Haitian legation in Washington, minister plenipotentiary at
Paris, ambassador in Santo Domingo and representative of Haiti at the United Nations), a
politician (an unfortunate candidate in the 1930 elections who saw Sténio’s triumph)
Vincent. On his death in March 1969, the government of François Duvalier granted him
a national funeral.

1902.- Departure from Anténor Firmin on the French ship Adirondack for the Île de Saint
Thomas:
This departure put an end to two months of intense fighting between his grouped partisans
for the most part in Gonaives and those of Nord Alexis, then a member of the
provisional government chaired by Sylvain Salnave.
After this departure, Nord Alexis at the head of his troops headed towards Port-au-Prince,
stormed the national palace and proclaimed himself the head of power in the name of the people
executive by proclamation dated December 18. The National Assembly
ratified this gesture by a vote that took place three days later.
Firmin tried to return to Haiti in two parts. In two parts, he was turned away.

1994.- Triumphal return of Jean Bertrand Aristide.
Victim of

 1803. Nicolas Geffrard becomes master of Les Cayes.
We are in the middle of the War of Independence. The French began to
to undergo the constant pressure of indigenous troops and to suffer defeats. They have
evacuated Jérémie in August. Geffrard, a mulatto, having joined Dessalines, received the
command of the 13th demi-brigade, which drove away the expeditionary troops
Cayes and took possession of it. A few months later, the French
capitulated.

1806. Assassination of Jean Jacques Dessalines.
Jean Jacques Dessalines, the hero of Haiti’s independence, fell victim to a
plot hatched by the coalition of then-political forces. His remains were
buried in Ste-Anne cemetery. A few years later, Mrs. Inginac did
to place a stone on his grave with this simple inscription "Ci-Gît Dessalines,"
died at 48 years old". For some time, it was even forbidden to pronounce his
name in Haiti.

1902.- End of the civil war.
With the publication of the end of the civil war that had ravaged the country since the 22nd
July, Port-au-Prince abandoned itself to popular festivities.

 1806. Funeral of Charlotin Marcadieu:
Killed while coming to the aid of Emperor Jean-Jacques Dessalines. The emperor,
as for him, he was not allowed to have a funeral and his name was even banished from the
Western and Southern departments.
≡
See: Profile of Jean-Jacques Dessalines

1850. Birth of Joseph Anténor Firmin
A member of the Society of Anthropology, Anténor Firmin was born in Cap-Haitien.
After trying his hand at teaching, he threw himself into politics and
twice held the position of Minister of Finance and Foreign Affairs.
this title, he firmly opposed, in 1891, the concession of Môle Saint Nicolas to the
Americans. During his many stays in Paris, he befriended
important Latin American personalities.
Unfortunate politician during the busy months of 1901 marking the
frantic race for the presidency, he later became a wanderer who suffered by

several occasions the exile, or being at the head of a legation (We wanted well
make sure he was thousands of miles away from Haiti).
He passed away on September 19, 1911 in Saint Thomas, leaving to posterity
several publications including De l'égalité des races humaines: anthropologie positive
(Paris: F. Pichon, 1885).
≡
See: Notables: Anténor Firmin

1957. The members of parliament elected on 22 September take office.
Meeting in National Assembly four days before the inauguration of the new one
President, they will sit permanently until the promulgation of the Constitution of

1957. The strong heads of this new Parliament forming the 38th legislature, through
their interventions in the gallery “offer a subject for reflection” to the new president,
François Duvalier

1806. Assassination of François Capois dit Capois-La-Mort:
Hero of Independence, commander of the second Northern Division and
signatory of the Act of Independence, he died in an ambush near
Lemonade in the Nord department.

1888. Death of Lysius Félicité Salomon.
President of Haiti from October 23, 1879 to August 10, 1888, Salomon had to abandon the
power following an insurrection organized by Seïde Thélémaque, recovered
by former President Boisrond Canal (August 10). He took refuge in France where he returned
the soul.
≡
See: Notables: Lysius F. Salomon

1986. Constituent Assembly election.
These elections marked the first step in the process of drafting the
post-Duvalier constitution. The Haitian people who showed very little interest (rate of
participation below 5%) for these elections had to choose 41 members out of 101
candidates. Since the assembly would have 61 seats, it was up to the National Council to
Government (CNG) to appoint the other 20 members. The elected constituents and
the appointees began their work on December 1st.≡
See: Constitutional Assembly of 1987

1974. Death of former president Elie Lescot.
Former ambassador of Haiti in Washington and Santo Domingo, Élie Lescot became
President of Haiti by the grace of his friend, Sténio Vincent and the actions
patrons of the Dominican dictator, Leonidas Trujillo. Popular at the beginning of
his presidency, he quickly became an object of suspicion and disgrace, even within
his class, the mulatto elite.
Lescot was overthrown on 11 January 1946 and took refuge in Canada.
See: 9 December 1883.

1997. Rosny Smarth, the resigning prime minister, announced that he had ceased his
temporary positions.
Haiti, which had no fully functional government since the announcement of
his resignation on 9 June was plunged into a political crisis.
≡
See: 25 July 1997

2010. Discovery of the first cholera cases in Haiti:
The first cases were recorded in the department of Artibonite.
The epidemic whose origin was attributed to the Nepalese soldiers of MINUSTAH
exploded with such violence, causing, after only one month, 1,415 deaths and
27,933 hospitalizations (Note from the Department of Health and Population. 20
November 2010). A year later, it is widespread in almost all
departments

1801. Uprising against Toussaint Louverture in the North:
Trusting in a rumor about Toussaint Louverture’s intention to restore
slavery, former slaves expressed their dissatisfaction by
rebelling against the general-in-chief by massacring a few whites,
slave owners in the past. Toussaint stifled the insurrection and forced his
Major leaders have committed suicide in public by shooting themselves in the head.

1957. François Duvalier was sworn in as president of Haiti.
The ceremony that took place at the national palace was held in the presence of
numerous personalities and members of the army’s general staff. Duvalier took an oath on
the 1950 Constitution before the President of the Senate, Hugues Bourjolly. The
the next day he presented his new cabinet composed of the following personalities:
Father Jean-Baptiste Georges: National Education
Frédérique Duvignaud: Interior and national defense
Théodore Nicoleau: Justice
Fritz Saint Firmin Thébaud: Finances

Henri Marc Charles: Agriculture
André Théart: Commerce and Economy
Dr Jean Lafontant: Public Health
Marcel Vaval: Public Works
Vilfort Beauvoir: External Relations and Cults
Antoine Piere-Paul: Public works.
See also: Cabinets de François Duvalier (1957 – 1971)

2016. Spectacular escape of hundreds of prisoners to Arcahaie:
Around one o'clock that day, one of the prisoners, at the time
where the others were taking their baths, armed with a firearm, caused a situation
of tension in the prison area. 174 prisoners then escaped from
the detention area, which had 266 inmates.
The escape was planned and Frantz Dorsainvil, an agent, had provided the weapon used by
the inmate who started it. A month later, only about ten of the escapees
were caught. During this escape, a guard was shot dead and a prisoner is
died falling from a wall.

1802. Dessalines raises the banner of the revolt against the French:
After the invasion of February 1801, most indigenous leaders had made their
submission to Leclerc, head of the expeditionary army sent by Napoleon. This
the last one who had received from the French consul the mission to deport the indigenous leaders
and to restore slavery began, once their vulnerability was assured
to implement his action plan. Toussaint, among others, was then arrested and deported.
Dessalines then decided to raise the banner of the revolt in the Artibonite, seized
of the Petite Rivière. Later, Christophe, Pétion, Clerveaux and
many others.

1879. Selection of Louis-Félicité Salomon as president of Haiti:
Former Finance Minister of Soulouque, Salomon, who had taken refuge abroad
after the fall of the Emperor and whose assets had been confiscated by the
government of Geffrard, therefore returned to the country after the departure from Boisrond Canal
(July 17, 1879). It became the choice of the National Assembly after it had dispersed
the provisional government formed after Canal left.
≡
See: Notables: Lysius F. Salomon

1934. Jacques Roumain, accused by Vincent’s government of conspiracy, is
sentenced to three years in prison:
The trial was held for three days (15-17 October) before a court
Military. During his period of detention, he contacted malaria and did not recover.
never quite.

1928. Change of name of the army:
Created by the Americans under the name of Gendarmerie, it was named from
this date and until March 29, 1947, Guard of Haiti.

1991.- Attack on Radio Tèt Ansan, a station in Jérémie:
Property of the diocese of Jérémie then headed by Bishop Willy Romélus, known for
her verb in favor of the voiceless, she was machine-gunned and put out of action by
men in the pay of the military. Three weeks ago, the latter had a
coup d'état and exiled the government of Jean-Bertrand Aristide and René Préval.
≡
See: 30 September 1991

 1946. Resignation of the entire cabinet of Dumarsais Estimé.
An action forcing Estimé to get rid of its minister of education
National and Public Health, Daniel Fignolé. Some ministers of this cabinet
of national unity, enemies of Fignolé, were acting behind the scenes to carry
the president on August 16 to get rid of him.
≡
See also: Les Ministres de Dumarsais Estimé (1946 – 1950)

1954: Luc Grimard dies.
Director of the Catholic daily "La Phalange" and one of the Haitian writers the
most talented of his generation. He is best known for his plays and
his news.

1820: Jean-Pierre Boyer’s entry into Cape Town.
This entry officially ended the division of the western part of the island that
had lasted more than 20 years. Jean-Pierre Boyer, successor of Alexandre Pétion, profited
of a situation of chaos caused by the suicide of Henri Christophe (October 8
1820) to lead a strong army to Cape Town. The generals who had
then conspired against Christopher were immediately dismissed or killed.
≡
See: Proclamation of 26 October 1820

1864.- Publication of Geffrard’s Rural Code.
Composed of 132 articles spread over 9 chapters, this Code was the second of this
genre to be published in Haiti. The first, that of May 4, 1926, was published by Jean-Pierre
Boyer had however been repealed in 1843.
The Geffrard Code should have come into force on January 1, 1865, but its
implementation was delayed due to civil unrest and organizational difficulties
of the staff.
Once applied, it remained in force until May 16, 1962, when François Duvalier
published his own Code.
—
The Codes:
• Rural Code of Haiti. Port-au-Prince: From the Government Printing Office (July
1826)
• Saint-Amand, Jean. The rural code of Haiti: published with comments and
form, notes and annexes, for the use of officials, officers and agents of the
rural police. Port-au-Prince: A. Guyot, 1872.
• Rural code Dr. Francois Duvalier. Port-au-Prince, State Printing Office, 1962.

1883. Death of Boyer Bazelais.
One of the leaders of the Liberal party, Boyer Bazelais, at the head of a small army,
reportedly landed at Miragoâne with the intention of overthrowing the government of the
President Salomon. His death would have led to the surrender of the rebels.

1913. Transfer of the ashes of President Leconte to Cap-Haitien.
(See: 10 August 1911; 8 August 1911).

1966. Episcopal consecration of the Haitian Bishops.
The ceremony took place at the Cathedral of Port-au-Prince. It was presided over by the
Secretary of the Congregations for Ecclesiastical Affairs, Cardinal Antonio
Samoré assisted by the MGRs Albert François Cousineau, C.S.C. and Rémy Augustin,
S.M.M.
For the first time since the signing of the Concordat, threads emerged from
The entrails of our people take on the spiritual responsibility of the dioceses
from Haiti and effectively become leaders...”
≡
Monsignor François W. Ligondé in his speech after the swearing-in
constitutional on October 25, 1966, cited by François Duvalier in the Memoirs
of a leader, p. 263.

1918.- Death in New York of Michel Oreste
President of Haiti from May 4, 1913, Michel Oreste, born in Jacmel on April 8, 1859, had to
resigned on 27 January 1914 under the pressure of an insurrection.

 1697.- Second signing of the Treaty of Ryswick.
The first one having taken place a month earlier (20 September 1697). between France and
Spain in a Dutch city near the Hague called Rijswijk, allowed the
France to officially take possession of the western part of Saint
Domingue. A century later, the island became a French possession after the
signature of the traîte de Bâle. This second round of signing took place between the
France in and the Emperor Leopold I.
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See: 22 July 1795

1991. The United States declares an embargo on Haiti.
After the coup d'état of September 30, 1991, the United States and the community
international refuse to recognize the government put in place by the
military (See: Nérette-Honorat government) and call for a return to order
Constitutional. The purpose of this embargo was to force the hands of the military and
to their allies.

2009.- Michele Duvivier Pierre-Louis is censored by the Senate of the Republic:
The senators of the Lespwa party ("hope," in english ), in the majority and supposed
close to the Préval/Pierre-Louis government, by a vote of 18 votes in favor and one
abstention decided to dismiss the government led by the Prime Minister,
Michèle Duvivier Pierre-Louis, after only one year of management. The
senators who had openly spoken out in favor of a change of
government even before the interpellation session held the day before, accused him
for not meeting the expectations of the population. President René Préval
appointed the same day the Minister of Planning in the outgoing government,
Jean-Max Bellerive, to be the next head of government

 1906.- Marriage of Louis Borno and Hélène Saint-Macary:
The latter was the third wife of Borno who became president of Haiti on the 15th
May 1922. From this marriage were born Madeleine, Henri and Simone.
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See also: Haitian heads of state: Louis Borno

1929.- Beginning of the strike by students at the Damien School of Agriculture:
"Damien’s students, "hit in their pocket" as much as in their
pride and "their self-esteem" are furious" (Leconte, Frantz-Antoine. Jacques
Romanian and Haiti: the mission of the poet in the city. Paris: Harmattan, 2011; p.
The strike took a political turn when students from other institutions
his country began to show solidarity with student farmers.
This first strike of Haitian students and the Marchaterre massacre of the 6th
The following December led the occupiers to create a commission called Commission
Forbes to assess the situation on site and propose possible solutions.

1941.- Decree-law creating the Bureau of Ethnology of the Republic of Haiti:
Designed as an institution for research, extension and safeguarding of
heritage to work in the fields of ethnography and archaeology.
There are five tasks assigned to him:
Inventory, classify and preserve ethnographic pieces and
archeological;
Methodical investigation and protection of archaeological sites;
Establishment of a museum where the objects from
directly from the "rejection campaign";
Development of ethnology teaching;
Publication of a bulletin containing the results of research by
Bureau and the work of Haitian and foreign ethnologists